Composite stereography



July 24,- 1951 n. F. wlNNEK 2,532,077A

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 1 .1N VEN TOR.

July 24, 1951 D. F. WINNEK COMPOSITE STEREOGRAFHY Filed 1mg. 29, 1947 l1 Sheets-Sheet 2 I N VEN TOR. jpeg/a5 'fme/ BY July 24, 1951- n. F. wlNNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 5 IN V EN TOR.

July 24, 1951 D. F. WINNEK COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. r29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 4 JNVENTolL Msi Mime/ J7 BY d@ July 24, 1951- D. F. wlNNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 5 /ITTORNEY July 24, 1951 D, F, wlNNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY WSW www.

11 Sheets-Sheet '7 HTTR'NEY July 24, 1951 D. F. wlNNEK COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 July 24, 1951 n. F. wlNNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. .29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 8 wf. s.. :i W www July 24 1951 D. F. WINNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 9 IN V EN TOR.

HTTORNEY July 24, 1951 D. F. WINNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREGGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 11 Sheets-Sheet 10 July 24, 1951 D. F. wxNNEK 2,562,077

COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Filed Aug. 29, 1947 1l Sheets-Sheet ll INVENToR.

4 TTONEV Patented July 24, 1951 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE COMPOSITE STEREOGRAPHY Douglas F. Winnek, Atlantic City, N. J.

Application August 29, 1947, Serial N o. 771,219

23 Claims. 1

This invention relates to the depiction of objects in relief, e. g. the production of pictures having stereoscopic characteristics. In a more specinc sense, the invention is directed to the art of composite stereographs, by which is meant relief pictures that are made With or viewable through a resolving` screen of predetermined character, and that comprise a series of picture componets each in effect divided into separately observable elements representing different viewing aspects. For example, a primary purpose of the invention is to produce, photographically or by imprinted reproduction, a stereoscopic picture which is viewable with the aid of an immediately adjacent lenticular or like screen, e. g. a transparent screen that is arranged integrally With the picture and that has a multiplicity of ne parallel ridges, the resulting picture sheet or device being such as to present a faithful three dimensional effect to the observer, when simply inspected in an ordinary manner and without the use of supplemental, ocular viewing devices or the like. In such pictures, the actual marking, i. e. the image actually reproduced in the photographic or imprinted surface, consists of a series of parallel components, corresponding to the lenticulations of the screen, and Ieach component may in turn be considered to consist of a multiplicity of line, parallel aspect elements, each of which represents a minute element of the object depicted, as viewed from a single predetermined aspect.

The effect of the lenticular or other componentresolving screenthe image components and aspect elements being strip-like or linear and being, with the ridges or other focussing elements of the screen, disposed in a vertical position-is to present to a given point of observation only a. single aspect of the object, i. e. by permitting light from only a predetermined, corresponding aspect element of each component to reach such point of observation. In consequence when the picture is seen with binocular vision, the eyes at different points of observation thus see different aspects of the object and the picture stands out in natural relief. Furthermore, in accordance with the practice of the present invention, lateral movement of the observer, within a considerable range, produces a corresponding effect of movement in the object of the picture, viz. relative movement of near and remote things in exactly the same manner as is produced by such movement of an ovserver viewing a natural scene.

In a preferred aspect of the invention, the final stereoscopic picture, whether produced by photography or imprinted reproduction, comprises with the screen, a unitary structure, viz. a paper or paper-like sheet when the picture is to be viewed by reflected light, or a single lm, plate or similar sheet when the picture is to be seen by light transmitted through it, e. g. as a so-called transparency. For example, an opaque picture may comprise a sheet of transparent material which has the composite image printed on its rear side, backed by a sheet of paper, With lenticulations permanently figured in the front surface of the transparent material; or a positive photographic transparency may comprise a sheet of nlm of the usual composition employed for photographic work,gured with lenticulations on one surface and carrying on its other side an image developed from a photographic emulsion, the image having a composite character as above. It will also be understood that a variety of other types of picture-carrying structures may be provided in accordance with the invention, for example as hereinbelovv described.

For the sake of uniformity, the term stereoscopic, although sometimes used in a broader sense to include the connotation of inverse relief, is generally used herein to describe pictures which when viewed display their object in natural relief, i. e. with portions which were in the foreground of the original scene appearing likewise in the viewed picture, and background parts or things of the original scene appearing as if in the background of the reproduction. In one method of making relief pictures by photography, the immediately obtained image, i. e. on the film or plate in the camera, has the characteristics of reverse or inverse relief, i. e. in that when viewed through a lenticular screen (which may be embodied in the film), originally near objects are in effect remote and background objects seem to be ahead of others. Such depiction has been conveniently described as pluvdgopic, and reference herein to composite stereographs generally, or to relief pictures or to the depiction of objects in relief, is intended, unless the contrary appears, to include generically both stereoscopic and pseudosppic reproduction. Although for most purposes, itis desired that a relief picture, for instance as produced in accordance with the present invention, be truly stereoscopic, the production of pseudoscopic pictures may be a convenient, integral part of certain procedure according to the present invention, and may also have independent utility.

As indicated hereinabove, lenticular screens, including lenticular films and lenticular viewing surfaces as embodied in photographed or imprinted pictures, preferably comprise an array of parallel ridges, immediately adjacent each other, and each having the structure and effect of a lens with a cylindrical or similar curved surface. A chief purpose of the present invention is to provide for relief pictures with lenticular or other component-resolving screens of such character that when the picture is viewed the individual ridges or lenticulations, or other focussing elements, appear smaller than the optical resolving limit of the human eye, or at least of the order of such limit, whereby the observer is not disturbed by lines or apparent lines across the picture. Thus for example, having regard to the fact that photographs, book illustrations and the like are ordinarily viewed at distances from one to two feet, the term fine-element stereography may be applied to the production of picture structures wherein the lenticular` or other screen has not less than about one hundred and fifty resolving elements per inch, a preferred feature of the invention being the provision of stereographic pictures employing viewing surfaces with two hundred to two hundred and fifty or more linear focussing sections per inch.

It may be pointed out that whereas the prior art includes proposals by others to make pictures which can be viewed `with lenticular or ruled screens so as to have a relief effect, the nature of the methods and apparatus thus proposed has prevented the attainment of anything beyond a relatively coarse subdivision of the image by the screen-e g. a maximum of about fifty lines per inch-with the result of poor definition, a relatively crude or incomplete relief effect, and the disturbing appearance of visible lines or corrugations across the scene. Thus an important object of the present invention is to provide improved methods, articles and apparatus whereby sharp, clearly focused and dened pictures of remarkably effective stereoscopic character may be produced, free of disturbing lines, undulations, moir patterns or the like.

Another outstanding object of the invention is to provide new, convenient and more efficient means and procedure for making relief pictures of desired character as explained hereinabove, for example to produce such pictures by photography, to reproduce them photographically and also to permit and effectuate the making of such pictures, e. g. as photographically recorded in the first instance, by imprinted reproduction, the last mentioned term being intended to refer to printing-press processes or the like as distinguished from pictures or prints made by pure photography, i. e. by the exposure and the development of a photo-sensitive emulsion.

A further and extremely important object is to provide remarkably effective procedure and means whereby relief pictures may be reproduced photographically, and especially to provide such equipment and procedure whereby pseudoscopic images such as pseudoscopic negative films may be converted and reproduced as stereoscopic prints, viz. as either transparencies or opaque positive prints. It may be noted that the conversion of pseudoscopic pictures to true stereoscopic form has been an outstanding problem facing the proposals of others in this general art, a problem of peculiar severity in connection with fine-element stereography such as contemplated by the present invention. Other objects are to provide apparatus of the character stated, e. g. for photographic reproduction of pseudoscopic or stereoscopic pictures, wherein enlargement or reduction of the image may be effectuated, for instance to provide enlarged stereoscopic prints from pseudoscopic negatives, all in a convenient manner and without, for example, the requirement of dimensional identity or even an exact dimentional proportionality between the resolving screen elements associated with the original image and those of the enlarged image.

A further object is to provide improved cameras and like equipment for stereographic work, e. g. for taking relief pictures, preferably under conditions desirably controlled in accordance with further principles of the present invention as hereinbelow explained. An additional object is the provision of means and methods for making imprinted reproductions of relief pictures, i. e. so that unlimited numbers of copies may be made of a selected stereoscopic picture by a, printing press procedure, such improved means and methods including new steps and apparatus for producing plates and for the -actual printing operation, as well as for applying to or incorporating in the finished picture, the desired viewing screen. Still further objects include the provision of new and improved methods of stereography whereby more natural and more easily observed stereoscopic effects are obtained with exceptionally realistic qualities of form, proportion and perspective in the depicted object; to provide improved lenticular nlm or like photo-sensitive structure for taking relief photographs or for copying them; and to provide mechanical and like structures of novel and unusually effective character in stereographic equipment of the character described.

To these and other ends, including a, variety of further objects hereinbelow mentioned or otherwise incidental to the practice or use of the features of improvement herein disclosed, certain embodiments of the invention are set forth by way of example in the following description. Such embodiments and other features and characteristics of the invention are also illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and it is believed that such description and illustration will serve to demonstrate the various features and principles of the invention.

Referring to the drawings:

Fig. l is a perspective diagrammatic view showing photographic recording of a, relief picture;

Fig. 1A is an enlarged fragmentary view of a. film useful for relief photography;

Fig. 2 is a perspective diagram illustrating observation of a stereoscopic picture;

Fig. 3 is a perspective diagram showing the pseudoscopic nature of a negative directly made by the system of Fig. l;

Figs. 4 and 5 are optical diagrams showing features of a photographic system employed in the present invention;

Fig. 6 is an optical diagram showing certain dimensional relationships in observation of a relief picture;

Fig. 7 is an optical diagram, very greatly enlarged, of a photographic nlm used for taking relief pictures;

Fig. 8 is a perspective view of an improved camera according to the present invention;

Fig, 9 is a perspective view of the opposite side of the camera;

Fig. 10 is an exploded, isometric, diagrammatic View of certain shutter and lens arrangements in the camera;

Fig. 11 is an elevation of a fixed diaphragm embodied in the camera;

' Figs. 12 and 13 are vertical cross-sections taken at spaced localities and viewed toward each other, showing, with certain portions broken away, the arrangement of certain front and rear movable diaphragm lsystems of the camera;

Fig. 14 is a fragmentary detail diagrammatically illustrating the actuator for a movable diaphragm such as shown in Figs. 10, 12 and 13;

Fig. 15 is a perspective diagram showing one form of a scanning projection-printing arrangement according to the invention;

Fig. 16 is a similar view of another form of such arrangement;

Fig. 17 is a side elevation, partly in section, of a scanning projection printer according to the invention;

Fig. 18 is an enlarged section showing the object film in position in the apparatus of Fig. 17;

Fig. 19 is a fragmentary horizontal section on Fig. 19A is a vertical section on line ISA-ISA of Fig. 19;

Fig. 20 is a horizontal section on line 20-20 of Fig. 17;

Fig. 21 is a fragmentary vertical section showing the image receiving film in position in the apparatus of Fig. 17

Fig. 22 is a fragmentary View of a certain lamp driving mechanism of Fig. 17 in a position for reverse drive;

Fig. 23 is a perspective view of the projection lens and optical table of the apparatus of Fig. 17;

Fig. 24 is an isometric View of a diaphragm arrangement for the projection lens of the apparatus of Figs. 17 and 23;

Fig. 25 is an enlarged vertical section of the lamp chamber of Fig. 17;

Fig. 26 is a perspective view of the lamp chamber and its support, with a wiring diagram for the lamp;

Fig. 27 shows an arrangement of lm and screen to produce a negative suitable for making a printing plate;

Fig. 28 illustrates the separate character of film and screen of Fig. 27;

Fig. 29 illustrates in perspective view, the making of a contact Aprint on a cylindrical printing plate blank;

Figs. 30, 31 and 32 are respeetivelydiagrammatic views of different embodiments of printing presses in accordance with the invention;

Fig. 33 is an enlarged fragmentary section showing the operation of co-acting printing and embossing rollers such as embodied in Figs. and 31;

Fig. 34 is a perspective view showing projection in a camera, as in- Fig. 1 but employing a transparent line screen; and

Figs. 35 and 36 are similar, greatly enlarged views of photographic films embodying screens comprising small square and round apertures, respectively.

By way of introduction and also to explain certain principles underlying important aspects of the present invention, reference is rst made to Fig. 1, which in a verts7 simplified and diagrammatic manner illustrates an arrangement for relief photography, i. e. a camera taking a relief picture or composite stereograph. Whereas in some cases, a scanning arrangement with a relatively small lens, or a projection system embodying a. plurality of lenses, may be employed, the apparatus shown comprises a large lens arranged to project upon a sensitized surface 5|, Le. a photographically sensitive emulsion, layer or the like, an image of any desired object or scene. An object to be photographed is here diagrammatically represented, for the sake of simplicity, by an arrow-shaped figure 52 which is disposed in a horizontal position and has a point 53 at one end, an opposite blunt end 54, and a downwardly projecting stub 55 at its center, these configurations being adapted to afford clear illustration of the nature and disposition of images produced in various ways as hereinbelow eX- plained. It may be further understood, for example, that the arrow is of a dark shade of color, viewed against a light background.

The sensitized surface 5| is faced by a lenticular screen 56 comprising essentially a sheet of transparent material embossed or otherwise gured to have a multiplicity of parallel, contiguous vertical ridges 51 facing outwardly, i. e. toward the lens 50. The face of each ridge is shaped to provide the characteristics of a cylindrical lens, for example by constituting a section of a cylindrical surface, with the result that .a 'bundle or pencil of essentially parallel light rays striking the surface of a given ridge will be focused by the latter as a line-shaped image in a plane at or adjacent the rear surface of the screen, the image thus occupying a region having an extremely minute horizontal dimension (or diameter of confusion) and a vertical dimension equal to that of the incident bundle or pencil of-rays. Thus if a single ridge 5l is illuminated throughout its length with parallel beams, the focused image will constitute a vertical line, and for the present it may be assumed that the focal plane of the ridge lies at the rear surface of the screen, coinciding with the sensitive surface 5 l.

For the attainment of a relief effect in the recorded image (by analogy to the stereoscopic effect of direct binocular vision) the object 52 must be viewed from a plurality of aspects spaced along a horizontal line, e. g. at the region of the lens 50. In accordance with presently preferred practice of this invention, the object is so viewed by the lens, i. e. at a multiplicity of points along the line 58, and the total extent of the line, and thus the extreme divergence of possible aspects, are more than a single pupillary distance and very preferably equal to a plurality of pupillary distances. It will be understood that the term pupillary distance is intended to represent the spacing between the eyes of a person and thus for average purposes is the equivalent of about 21/2. Accordingly the lens 50 has a diameter, e. g. measured along the horizontal diametrical line 58 at least equal to and preferably greater than a pupillary distance, and simply for the sake of illustration is shown in the diagram as having a length of something more than 11/2 pupillary distances.

To reveal its optical character the dimensions of the screen 56 have been tremendously exaggerated in Fig. 1 relative to other elements of the system, which themselves are shown in a diagrammatic manner and without necessarily having a true or practical proportionate relationship to each other. As will be further explained below, the thickness tf of the screen may ordinarily be of the order of 1/100 of an inch or less, while the ridges 51 may have a width p of the order of 1/00 of an inch or less. Thus Fig. 1A, illustrating a fragment of a screen 56 provided with the same character of ridges 51 and backed with a photosensitive emulsion 5I, shows the nature of the screen more clearly, i. e. in that it comprises a great multiplicity of such ridges across its horianamorf? zontal extent; although it will be understood that Fig. 1A is itself very greatly enlarged. In practice, the actual structure may comprise a photographic illm base 56 of a composition commonly employed for photographic work, having the ridges 51 embossed on one surface and carrying a sensitive emulsion on its opposite surface.

Referring again to Fig. 1, it may be assumed that diverging rays of light 60, 5i and 62 proceed from an illuminated point 63 at the bottom of the arrow near its blunt end 54. These rays selectively taken as in a substantially horizontal plane, and also identified respectively by the letters A, B and C, may be considered as reaching the lens 50 at three points successively spaced by the average pupillary distance. In other words, if a person were located at the right hand side of the lens, looking toward the object 52, his right eye 64 will receive the ray A, while his left eye 55 receives the ray B. Hence rays A and B represent respectively right and left eye aspects of the point B3 when considered relative to each other at the region of the lens 50. It will be apparent that if the head of the observer moves leftwardly at the position of the lens, his right eye may receive the ray B and his left eye the ray C, whereupon these rays represent corresponding aspects of the point 63 relative to each other.

Let it now be assumed that the lens is properly positioned to bring the rays A, B and C to a focus at the sensitive surface 5i or at the surface of the ridges 51, the lens 50 having in eiect suicient depth of focus, particularly by reason of characteristics more fully explained below, so that a sharp image is obtained in any of a number of planes in the immediate vicinity of the film structure. The rays A, B and C may thus be said to be focused on the emulsion 5l, tending to form an image there which (resembling a very short horizontal line) has a satisfactorily minute extent or diameter of confusion in a vertical direction. At the same time the additional focusing action of the lenticular ridge 51a in the path of these specic rays brings them individually into sharp focus (as points, or more strictly, small areas of confusion each preferably having no more than a predetermined small horizontal diameter, and a vertical dimension governed by the main lens 50) at separate points identically designated C, B and A on the sensitive emulsion 5I.

If the image on the emulsion is developed and then viewed from a suitable position such as the location of the lens, rays respectively reaching the right and left eyes of the observer from the picture component beneath the ridge 51a will actually correspond to different aspects, i. e. different ones of the several elements A, B and C. As explained below, the immediately produced image in a camera arrangement like Fig. 1 actually has an inverse relief, i. e. is pseudoscopic; but nevertheless the image is in fact stereographically composite, and provides an observer with different aspect views (although in the wrong order) for each of his eyes, in such manner as to yield a relief effect.

Actually a great multiplicity of rays reach each lenticulation such as 51a from the corresponding multiplicity of points across the lens diameter 58, but for simplicity of optical explanation they may be considered as comprising successively adjacent groups of rays each group being represented by a beam or pencil of single direction. Thus referring to the further enlarged diagram of Fig. 7, it will be noted that the ray B may be taken as accompanied by a number of parallel rays B6, which by the focusing action of the lenticulation 51 are brought to convergence at essentially a single point 61 in the emulsion 5i, here shownas if enlarged to very considerable thickness. That is to say, in relation to the actually minute width of the lenticular ridge and its effective focal length, all rays coming to any such ridge from an original point on the object may be properly considered as parallel to each other. Similarly, although not shown, other pencils or beams striking the ridge 51, such as represented by the rays A and C, would likewise consist of a bundle of essentially parallel rays, thus brought to focus at corresponding points of the emulsion.

It will be noted that for diversity of illustration, the screen of Fig. '1 is shown as if primarily intended for a camera lens of relatively greater width than in the scheme of Fig. l, in that if the lenticulations are proportioned in the preferred manner described below, and the specific rays or pencils A, B and C are taken to be separated by pupillary distances, the screen will accommodate other pencils or beams spaced beyond those indicated, i. e. focussed at points throughout the adjacent half of the emulsion area that corresponds to the width of the lenticulation.

For the sake of clarity the complete image 68 of the object arrow is shown in Fig. 1. In accordance with the principles of optics the image is reversed and inverted relative to the object. and where the emulsion is of the usual sort, the reproduction is a negative, i. e., with the arrow light and the background shaded. For further illustration the aspect elements C, B and A in the emulsion 5i are shown to continue as vertical lines across the body of the arrow, each of which would correspond to points in a vertical line above the point 63 of the object 52, it being thereby understood that within each image component (which corresponds to one lenticulation) the aspect elements are separated horizontally and are in effect vertical linear strip images of the same vertical strip of the original object or scene, or more exactly, images of what is seen by looking from different aspects toward a single vertical strip or line in a selected plane (called the datum plane) of the scene.

It should also be understood that the relation between the image components and their aspect elements, and the complete image 68 is only represented diagrammatically in Fig. 1 and other gures of similar character in the drawings. In actual practice the aspect elements A,l B and C are extremely close together and in fact are interspersed with other elements representing aspects of intermediate viewing angles; indeed each complete components strip itself, corresponding to the width of one lenticulation 51a and containing a full set of aspect elements, is preferably smaller than can be resolved by the unaided eye at the intended viewing distance. In these gures the tremendous, disproportionate enlargement in size and spacing of the components and their elements relative to the arrow image 58 (and thus to the object 52), especially along a horizontal scale, has been deliberately adapted to permit showing in a single view both the disposition and character of the image, and the disposition and character of the aspect elements exemplified by A, B and C.

Although the specific object 52 has been shown as lying in a single plane, it will be understood that the illustrated principle of stereoscopic or' multi-aspect reproduction produces a full relief effect in a corresponding picture of a three-dimensional scene. For instance, referring to Fig. 1, and assuming that some object exists at the point An in the plane N forward of the object 52, the right eye 64 would see the object A Whereas left eye '65 would look past a corresponding locality Bn and would see the point 63 of the arrow. In the reproduced image the aspect elements B and A actually represent the origins of the corresponding rays, so that upon viewing this image through the screen 51 eyes placed at A and B in the lens region 58 would see correspondingly different things, creating the illusion of relief. The same three-dimensional effects would be produced for objects in a more remote plane, as at F; to the extent that one or another of the objects Af, Bf and Cf might be visible along one or another (but not all) of` the paths A, B and C without obstruction in nearer planes, such objects will be seen in selected (but not all) aspects of the ultimate picture. In a pseudoscopic image the relations of distance are reversed but upon converting the picture to a true stereoscopic one, e. g. as explained hereinbelow, the near and far portions of the scene are properly oriented.

In practice, the lens 50 is usually provided with a diaphragm arrangement restricting its actual opening to a horizontal slot-like region between lines 10, 1|. In this way, the photographic speed of the lens is effectively the same throughout its width, and there is a further advantage in that the depth of focus of the lens is greatly increased for vertical lines or dimensions in the scene. In a vertical sense the lens thus has the depth of focus which would characterize a lens of much smaller opening, or of much larger focal ratio, i. e. corresponding to the actual vertical distance between the lines 10, 1|. At the same time, in taking an ordinary photograph with a lens of unusual width (and small or fast focal ratio) the depth of focus is relatively slight, and the same is true of such use of the effective lens opening -1I ina horizontal sense. For instance if the lens is focused for the exact plane of the object 52, objects in planes N or F would be badly out of focus in a horizontal sense, on a simple photographic plate. However, the selective effect of the lenticular screen 56, amounting to a separation of rays of4 different aspect into separate images which can only be viewed individually, is to increase the depth of focus tremendously in ultimate stereoscopic observation.

In such case, for instance, although different objects An, Bn, Cn, in plane N are brought to a focus at the same point or lenticulation in the lm 56, the resolving effect of the screen separates them at A, B, C in the emulsion 5| so that each eye of the observer only sees the image of one of the objects at such point. Likewise although rays (not shown) other than the ray 6D or A from a single point such as An are focussed at different points (or lenticulations) in the film 56, they have different aspects angles and the screen cor-7 respondingly resolves their images, with the effect that each eye of the observer sees only one such image and the two images thus seen appear superimposed, i. e. as if in focus, at a plane spaced from that of the emulsion 5|. These focus-sharpening effects are ordinarily masked by the aspect reversal in a pseudoscopic image, but they are fully realized in a stereoscopic print made from the latter. Hence in both vertical and horizontal directions the cooperative use of the diaphragm 1li- 1| and the resolving screen 56 gives the stereoscopic picture a remarkable depth of focus, as if it were taken with a lens of much smaller aperture than the lens 50.

It will now also be seen that the apparent location of various objects in the final picture relative to the actual plane of the picture itself may be controlled, within useful limits, by the specific focusing adjustment of the taking lens 50. If as in Fig. 1 the film is positioned so that objects in the plane of the arrow 52 are brought to sharpest focus in the ordinary photographic sense, the relationships explained above will reproduce nearer and further objects so that they appear actually to be spaced in the same way from the stereoscopic picture surface. If another object plane such as N is selected for sharp focus in the lm, it will then be the one which always has the same appearance tothe observers eyes, i. e. in the plane of the picture surface, and objects in the planes 52 and F will seem to lie behind the picture plane. As stated above, the selected plane of focus-e. g. that of the arrow 52 in Fig. l-is called the datum plane, and ordinarily should be chosen in some central region between front and rear of the object or scene to be photographed.

The pseudoscopic character of the negative image 68 may be better understood by first examining the nature of a truly stereoscopic, positive view, seen through a lenticular screen, i. e. as in Fig. 2 wherein such view 14 is positioned on the rear face of the screen 15. The print 14 may be a so-called transparency, illuminated by a source of light 16 behind it; the same optical effects would be achieved by reflective illumination of an opaque image, i. e. with light from the screen side. In Fig. 2, an observer having his right and left eyes at the positions 11 and 18 respectively will receive corresponding light rays 19, 60 from the lenticulation 82. Comparing this diagram with the illustrative disposition of the observers eyes 64, 65 in Fig. l, it will be seen that in order to obtain the proper relationship of aspects as derived with the natural scene or object, the ray 19 should correspond with the ray 60 of Fig. 1 and the ray 80 with the ray 6| of Fig. l, these rays being therefore respectively designated A and B.

By virtue of the lenticular character of the ridge 82 it will also be noted that in the picture itself the relative disposition of the aspect elements A and B within the component corresponding to the ridge 82 should be as shown in Fig. 2, for a truly stereoscopic image, i. e. to obtain the external relation of the rays as explained above. The ray 6|, corresponding to the ray C, should be disposed in the same relationship as in the natural scene of Fig. 1 in the region of the observer and must therefore originate at a point C located as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 2, in the image component 82. Specifically, the aspect element points A, B and C are disposed in the stated order within the image component, the element point A being nearest the blunt end 84 of the arrow 14.

Fig. 3 shows the developed pseudoscopic image 68 of Fig. 1 (and its associated screen 56) turned around, i. e. so as to correspond with the View of Fig. 2. The relative disposition of the aspect elements within the image component corresponding to the ridge 51a, i. e. as originally projected in using the camera system of Fig. 1, will be in the order C, B, A, having the element point C nearest the blunt end 85 of the arrow 68. Consequently an observer having his right and left eyes at the positions l, d3 to perceive the rays B and A, will have these rays transposed from their order in the original scene, in that his right eye receives the ray B and his left eye the ray A. At the same time the image components will be seen in the proper order relative to the blunt and pointed ends of the arrow. The reversal of the order of the aspect elements with respect to the position of the image component of which they are a part, constitutes a reversal of true stereoscopic presentation, and in fact exhibits an unfocused appearance, in inverse relief, to the observer at 8l, 88. As stated above, such an image is called pseudoscopic.

It will be understood, however, that many of the necessary or desired physical relationships of the several parts of the camera, screen, nlm and the like which contribute to the sharpness, brilliance and natural relief of the ultimate stereoscopic print are applicable to the production of pseudoscopic as well as stereoscopic pictures, in that the attainment of the improved qualities in the ultimate print is only reached by making the pseudoscopic negative with such observance of the specified relationships as would seem calculated to yield such qualities in the negative itself.

A particular advantage of using a very large lens 50 or other projecting instrumentality operative at a multiplicity of points along a wide region 58, is an improvement in the ease of viewing and particularly in the fidelity of the relief illusion in the nal picture. Experience indicates that the three-dimensional effect obtained in viewing a natural scene is a resultant of several factors. About 80% of the effect may be said to be due simply to binocular visi-on, i. e. in that the right and left eyes see markedly different aspects of the subject. Another 10% appears to be contributed by an effect of motion; for example, as the observer moves his head slightly, objects at different distances appear to move relative to each other. |The remaining 10% of the effect may be occasioned by miscellaneous factors, e. g. the modeling due to light and shade, the focusing of the eyes and the differences in color, intensity and the like that are characteristic of differences in distance of an object from the observer.

A relief picture taken with a wide lens provides not only the direct binocular effect, but also the appearance of relative motion as the observer moves his head sidewise and sees successively different aspects. The motion effect is greatly heightened where the observer can continue to see different aspects as he moves his head through a distance equal in fact or effect to two or more pupillary distances, and thus it is of immeasurable advantage for the camera lens to have a viewing field or horizontal aperture equivalent to at least about two and preferably several pupillary distances. The resulting fidelity to the natural scene is remarkable; objects or parts of objects hidden when looked at from one position come into View as the head is moved, and vice versa. In addition, the picture can be seen more conveniently, since observation is not confined to a single central locality. Moreover, even outside the wide principal viewing field, the observer can also obtain the stereoscopic effect; he will then see the aspect elements of each component through a lenticulation or ridge that is more directly related to an adjacent component, it being appreciated that as he moves his head to such supplemental viewing eld or to one of still 12 more remote order, there is a brief interval or position of blurred observation.

For optimum results in many cases, certain relationships have now been found to be peculiarly significant. They can best be explained by taking a specific example, for instance by assuming that it is desired to make a portrait photograph of a person or object.

A rst consideration is the distance at which the ultimate picture is to be viewed. For instance, in the case of ordinary portrait photographs 8" x 10" in size7 experience shows that the average person looks at such a picture at a distance, from his eyes, of 16 to 18". On the other hand, if the picture is to be seen from a greater distance, e. g. as an advertising display, corresponding account should be taken of such distance. Another factor to be considered, as Well as the size of the picture and the manner in which it is to be viewed, is the number of pupillary distances which the viewing space should cover, i. e. the actual horizontal extent of the central viewing space in which the observer can move his head from side-to-side and secure a true effect of motion in the stereoscopic picture. Referring to Fig. 6, Where the eyes of the observer are represented at 90, 9| and the object at 92, the viewing distance is designated ln and the viewing space, i. e. the horizontal distance just described, is designated S, which may thus be measured in pupillary distances (P. D.). If it is desired, for instance, to cover four pupillary distances each taken at the average of 21/2", the value of S will be 10".

Referring now to Fig. 4, which showsl somewhat diagrammatically a system like that of Fig. 1 including a lens 94 adapted to project, upon a film 95 embodying a lenticular screen 96, a relief image of an object 91, it has now been found that if the horizontal opening of the lens is Ac and the distance of the image from the lens is Ic, and if the desired relationship of viewing distance and viewing space is to be achieved in the ultimate picture, the following relation should preferably exist:

Manifestly if the ultimate picture, to be viewed as at 92 in Fig. 6, is the same size as the actual image eld covered by the camera in the film 95,' and if the viewing distance Zn will be equal to I0, then the opening Ae must be equal to the selected value of S. Under these or any other circumstances it will now be appreciated that the value of S should be so selected as not to require an impractically large size for the lens. Under present conditions of manufacture and within reasonable limits of cost, satisfactory photographic lenses can be made with effective diameters of 6" to 10" or so, it being understood that if Width of Viewing field must be sacrificed for the sake of a smaller lens, the latter should preferably have a diameter at least as large or larger than one pupillary distance.

Although many features of the invention may be utilized, and good stereoscopic pictures obtained, without following the above relationship (I), its observance is usually a basis for distinctly superior results. Moreover, this equation is applicable throughout the optical procedure from the taking of the picture to the completion of the finished reproduction, including the step of enlargement by projection; and application of the equation is preferably made in accordance with the general photographic rule that best proportions and perspective are obtained in a picture when the distance between the lens and the image in the last projection of the optical operations is approximately equal to the intended or normal viewing distance.

Under the selected circumstances, the relationship (I) also establishes the preferred horizontal aperture Ac and the preferred image distance Ic of the camera to be used. By reference to Fig. and particularly for situations where a given camera is expected to be used for taking many pictures of a similar type, the focal length required of the lens is then at once readily determinable, by taking into account the magnification of reproduction to be achieved in the camera. 'I'he latter value may be represented by the ratio of the image distance Ic to the distance Oc of the object from the lens, and then the focal length Fe of the lens is found by the usual lens formulae, which may be generally expressed by equating the reciprocal of the focal length Fc, to the sum of the reciprocals of Oc and IC. In so determining the characteristics of the lens, it must be remembered that Fc should not be too small for practicall manufacture, having regard to the actual value of the maximum opening or lens diameter, nor should the selected object distance Qc be too great to produce any useful stereoscopic effect.

Similarly in accordance with preferred, although not always essential practice of the invention, the design of the resolving screen may then be determined by the factors mentioned above, with suitable regard for the availability of lm or other sheet substance as a material of the film, and also with regard for the desired maximum apparent size of the lenticulations or other resolving structure. For making negatives in a camera of the sort contemplated a photographic film of available character may be embossed with the necessary ridges or lenticulations and carry on its reverse side the usual emulsion, with the proviso, of course, that there be no nontransparent layer on the uncoated surface of the film or between the lm and the emulsion. Referring specifically to Figs. 4 and 'l it may be assumed that the selected lm has a thickness tf and the emulsion, although in fact very thin, has a measurable thickness te.

As indicated above, the ray or pencil of rays constituting a single aspect element within a picture component defined by the width of a ridge, should focus as sharply as possible at a single point in or upon the emulsion. Having regard to the tendency of light to diffuse in emulsions of the usual type, it has now been found, somewhat contrary to the practice in other branches of photography, that the optimum focal point for sharpest definition in the present arrangement is lin a plane within the emulsion, at a distance from the screen-engaging face of the latter about equal to one-third of the total emulsion; i. e. the distance of the desired focal plane IUI) from the interface I0! in Fig. 7 is equal to one-third of the total emulsion thickness between its surfaces IUI and |02.

The relatively critical nature of the focus by the lenticulation, i. e. in that the latter should be an op'tical element of rather wide-angle character and yet should at least bring the rays of a given aspect element to as sharp a focus as possible somewhere within or on the emulsion, will be apparent from what has been said hereinabove. The camera lens itself manifestly will seldom have a focus critical in distances comparable 'to the emulsion thickness, and in fact will ordinarily be desired to have considered depth of focus. In any event, the lenticulation or like resolving structure is a cooperating optical system, which subdivides a minutely small opening of the image into separate aspect elements recorded on the lm in a side-by-side relation, and which also servesv to complete the focus of the lens, in a horizontal sense as already explained herein. Unless the resolving screen properly separates and allocates, so to speak, the multiplicity of aspect elements within each minute image component on the emulsion, the desired stereoscopic effect will not be realized to a maximum extent.

Assuming that the rays of a given aspect element are essentially parallel across the face of a single lenticulation, then if the width or pitch of the latter is p and its lfocal length is Fr, the following relationship exists, providing the full extent of the film is utilized behind each ridge without overlapping of elements corresponding to adjacent ridges:

v(II) EFM-t (III) The value of p can be independently determined within a range governed at its upper limit by the desirability of having the ridges too small to be individually noticed and at the lower limit by practical requirements such as those of accurate manufacture. Ordinarily the limit of resolution of the human eye is about one minute of arc, so that to avoid seeing the ridges at a distance of 16" the width of each should be not more than about 1/200 of an inch. Then to select a lm thickness suitable for a desired width p of the lenticulations, Equation II above may be solved, assuming for this purpose that the thickness tf is equal to the lenticular focal length Fr.

A final factor to be determined is the radius of curvature r of the cylindrical ridge surface. Knowing the index of refraction n of the selected film, the value of r can be obtained from the established formula governing, at least approximately, the refraction of parallel rays at spherical or cylindrical surfaces, viz.

It will now be seen that the optimum values of all design factors for the lm and camera are thus readily determinable, for a given character of work and for given circumstances of ultim-ate use, by following the relationships explained above. Manifestly, of course, considerable divergence from these desiderata may be tolerated in many cases, particularly in that a camera or lenticular screen designed for one kind of scene or one type of use of the picture may be employed to satisfactory effect in other situations.

In most cases, however, it is of special importance that all rays reaching a single screen element or ridge and thus constituting a given image component, be brought to a focus, when resolved as aspect elements, within a vertical strip of the sensitized surface no wider than the corresponding ridge or the like. In consequence where a camera is to be used and focused for views at a variety of distances' and the position of'thel'ens Q4 relative to the image plane 95 must therefore be adjustable within a considerable range, provision should be made so that the relationship (II) is maintained at all times, or at least so that the width of any given image component p' at the emulsion does not exceed a value equal to A convenient mode of achieving this result is to provide a diaphragm foi1 the lens comprising a pair of screens |04, |05, adjustable in position toward and away from yeach other so that the effective horizontal opening Ae may be varied in proper relationship to the image distance Ie. Turning now to Figs. 8- to l4 inclusive, one embodiment is shown of an improved camera particularly designed for Vtaking relief pictures in accordance with principles herein explained. The -illustrated structure comprises a base ||0, an associated case or housing (shown in phantom in Fig. 8), and a film holding back ||2 connected to the open rear end of the case by a suitable bellows |13. The present camera, it may be noted at outset7 involves (in an improved manner) features and principles basically embraced by my prior Patent No. 2,063,985, granted December l5, 1936. The back ||2y may be adapted to receive a nlm holder ||4, e. g. of usual sort, in which a sensitized film, provided with the desired lenticulations or other resolving properties, may be inserted for exposure. A suitable shutter may also be provided, for example, of the focal plane type and controlled by appropriate means such as knob |I5, the construction of the shutter being of known character and therefore not illustrated. The camera back ||2 is adapted to be moved forwardly and to the rear, i. e. for focusing adjustment, by virtue of sliding supports ||1, ||8 attached to it and displaceable by the actuation of a pinion ||9 engaging a rack |20 on the support I |1. A knob |2| is provided on the shaft |22 of the pinion ||3 to turn the latter, for focusing, from the outside of the camera box. A lens assembly generally designated |23 is mounted in an appropriate opening in a vertical plate or lens board |25 carried by the base I0 within box It will be understood that the exact optical design of the lens is not a feature'4 of the present invention and therefore the specific lens elements cooperating to afford the usual achromatic, anastigmatic and other desirable characteristics are not shown. In most cases the assembly will comprise a front lens element or set of elements |26 and a rear element or set of elements |21 (see Fig. 10) respectively housed in cells |23 and |29. Certain diaphragm structure is also provided and although it may in some cases be positioned elsewhere relative to the lens or its elements, a particularly convenient arrangement is to mount such parts between the lens elements Referring to Fig. l0, there is a fixed diaphragm |30 having a horizontally elongated, rectangular opening |3| representing the maximum effective aperture, in both horizontal and vertical directions, of the lens. On one side of the fixed l, diaphragm, e. g. at its rear, there is provided an t slidably supported in vertical guide slots or re- 16 cesses |35, |36. |31, |36 of the diaphragm structure |32 thus define the vertical height of the lens opening and are adjustable to control the effective aperture (for change of exposure or of depth of focus or the like) to the same effect as the usual iris diaphragm of a camera.

yTo adjust the horizontal opening, i. e. the angle of divergence cf rays through the lens, and thus to maintain the desired ratio of lens opening to image distance for proper coordination with the focal ratio of the resolving screen components, a diaphragm generally designated |36 is provided, for example ahead of the fixed diaphragm |30. The diaphragm |38 comprises a pair of opaque screens |39, |40 horizontally slidable, e. g. in supporting slots or recesses |4|, |42 at their top and bottom edges, so that their innerl vertical edges |43, |44 may be brought toward and away from each other to adjust the effective horizontal opening Ac as explained in connection with Fig. 4, the members |39 and |40 thus corresponding to the elements |04, |05. I

One convenient arrangement for actuating these diaphragm assemblies is shown in Figs. 12

to 14, where 'the several movable and stationaryl elements are identified by the same numbers as in Fig. l0. Fig. l2 shows the horizontally adjusted diaphragm |33, comprising the plates |39, |46, each of which in a marginal portion has an arcuate spirally extending slot |46 thatis slidably traversed by a pin |48 projecting from a flat ring |49 rotatably held within the cylindrical housing |50 of the lens assembly. The ring |49 has a plurality of circumferentially arcuate slots |5| traversing corresponding studs |52 secured to the stationary guide plates |53, |54 which also have a suitable configuration to provide the guiding recesses |4|, |42 for the screens |39, |40. The guide plates |53, |54 are iixedly secured in position within housing |50. A pair of operating arms |56, project from the ring |49 through appropriate circumferential slots |53 in the housing |50 and are attached to a ring gear which is -rotatably secured at the exterior of the housing |50. It will thus be seen that upon turning the ring gear |60 around the housing (with which it is coaxial) the ring |49 is correspondingly rotated, being guided by the studs |52 in the slots |5|. and that upon such rotation of the ring a camming action of the studs |48 (of which only one is shown in Fig. 12) within the slots |46, moves the screens |39, |40 horizontally toward or away from each other in a horizontal direction.

Referring now to Fig. 13 which shows the arrangement of the diaphragm |32, it will be seen that the diaphragm screens |33, |34 have arcuate spiral slots |62 traversed by pins |63 projecting from a ring |64. The ring |64 is rotatably mounted inside the housing |50 and is connected for actuation by an external ring gear |65 in a manner identical with corresponding parts described in connection with Fig. 12 and therefore not here again specified. Accordingly, as the ring gear |65 is turned, the pins |63 cooperate with the slots |62 in camming relation to move the screens |33, |34 toward or away from each other. For further illustration, Fig. 14 is an exploded detail view showing the connection of an arm |56 projecting through a slot |58 in the lens housing |50 so as to actuate a ring gea-r |60 or |65, it being understood that the inner surface of the ring gear actually slides upon or in a groove upon surface of the cylinder |50.

Referring also to Figures 8 and 9 a pinion |61 The opposed. horizontal edgesl `the box meshes with the ring gear |65.

meshing with the ring gear |60, is mounted on a shaft |68 carrying a bevel pinion |60 which in ,turn meshes with a bevel gear on a shaft :adjusted in position. As the back frame ||2 is -moved away from the lens the diaphragm |38 is opened to provide a larger effective horizontal aperture, and vice versa. In either case, the proportions and ratios-of the several gears are designed, as will now be readily understood to maintain a constant ratio of Ic to Ae, e. g. as expressed in Equation II.

For adjustment of the other diaphragm |32, a pinion |14 on a shaft |15 journalled in an appropriate support secured to the inner wall of A pair of meshing bevel gears |16, |11, secured on the shaft |15 and on another shaft |18 respectively, permit rotation of pinion |14 by a knob |80 at the outside of the box the knob |80 having a cooperating scale |8| as indicative of the extent of opening of the exposure-adjusting diaphragm |32. Although the -boX Ill may in some cases have a circular front opening, a horihaving an effective horizontal diameter of the order of as much as 10" or so, and the several focusing and diaphragm adjustments are very conveniently arranged. The horizontal opening control can be accurately proportioned to the positional relation between the lens and the image plane, adjustment of both in such proportion being automatically effected by the single knob While combined structures of resolving screen `and photographically sensitized surface may be f, made in other ways, reference is here made to Vcertain particularly suitable methods for embossing ,lenticulations on plane-surface film of the usual cellulosic composition, as disclosed in my prior Patents No. 2,218,227 granted October 15,

1940, and No. 2,296,804 granted September 22,

1,942. The first of these provides an embossing procedure wherein the film is softened by heat, while the second embraces the use of a solvent in the embossing operation, e. g. a solvent such as acetone or other material appropriate to soften the cellulose acetate or other substance o f which the film is made. It is at present preferred to use an improved apparatus for embossing film with lenticular ridges or the like, which is described and claimed in my copending application Ser. No. 771,220, filed August 29, 1947, for Apparatus for Lenticulating Film, and which embodies a solvent operation of the character generally disclosed in my second mentioned Patent No. 2,296,804.

As explained hereinabove a negative made with a camera of the sort indicated in Fig. 1 and more completely illustrated in Figs. 8 to `11 is of pseudoscopic character, the apparent relief being ofA a reversed sort (Fig. 3) as compared with the ordinarily desired reproduction of natural relief. As also explained, a truly stereoscopic picture, corresponding to a view of the object shown in Fig. 1, should have the characteristics indicated in Fig. 2, and a particularly important feature of the present invention is the provision of means and procedure for converting a pseudoscopic image or a picture into one of truly stereoscopic nature. In accordance with the presently preferred embodiment of such arrangements, a stereoscopic print is made by projection from a pseudosc'opic negative, the specific method and apparatus having the further advantage that the projected print may have any desired size relationship to the original negative. For example it may be of the -same size, i. e. by a one-to-one projection, or

-scopic negative is shown at 320, comprising a vlenticulated film base 32| carrying the developed image 322. The negative 320 is disposed so that its lenticulated base 32| is illuminated, i. e. through the lenticulations 324, by a lamp 326. The thus illuminated picture 322 is projected by a lens 328 on a sensitized photographic surface 329 through an immediately adjacent lenticular screen or the like 330. It will be understood that the last mentioned elements may comprise a sheet of lenticulated film, e. g. as made in the manner identified above, wherein the sensitive surface 323 constitutes an emulsion coated on the plane side of the film base. The lenticulations 33| are disposed facing the lens 328 and in strictly parallel relationship with the lenticulations 324 of the negative 320. The distances between the negative, lens and printing lm 332 are such that the lens 323 focuses an image of the objectpicture 322 on the sensitive surface 329, having the desired size relationship to the negative.

The lamp 326 is advantageously of a sort providing a line of light 334, parallel to the lenticulatons 32A of the negative. It may be explained that although an excessively thin line of light (having no appreciable breadth) might be theoretically preferred, excellent results in practical operation are obtained with an only moderately ne strip of illumination such as is obtained with certain gas discharge lamps now available to provide -a long very narrow band or line of light. The chief requirement, in effect, is that all rays from a linear ribbon of light 334 which enter a given ridge of the negative screen 32| be essentially parallel so that they are focused by the ridge as practically a single line in the developed picture 322.

With the parts arranged substantially as shown in Fig. l5, the projection print is made by exposing the negative 332 to the illuminated image, while effecting relative motion, of a scanning character, between the negative 320 and the remaining parts of the system, viz., the lamp 326, lens 328 and printing lm 332. While this relative motion may be achieved by keeping any one of the four parts stationary and appropriately moving the other three, a convenient arrangement is to hold the negative at rest and to effect a coordinated, synchronous displacement of the other elements. More specifically, with the parts' arranged as shown in Fig. l5, the lamp 326 is moved upwardly and the lens 328 and film 332 are moved downwardly in proper coordination', i. e.' so that the image on the receiving emulsion 329 -is 

